Manufacturing Literature

During the early modern period, books were frequently composed by compiling and editing parts of other works, often without attribution. Over the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, however, combinatorial labour was demoted to “mechanical” status, and authors were recast as autonomous creators of intellectual property, inspired by “genius,” that required legal protection. Manufacturing Literature investigates how—and how fast—the ways book-text was created changed in this context, as authors and other book-trade workers negotiated changing laws and ideas about what writing should look like. An article published in Book History in 2023 outlines some findings from my earlier work on this history. My current project uses several different methods to address questions raised in the article, including computational text analysis to identify, classify, and model text reuse, and archival research to help me better understand the labour practices involved in creating compilations during the nineteenth century, how book-trade workers thought about them, and the different ways they negotiated the changing categories of ‘original’ and ‘copy.’

To think through what writing by excerpt actually involved during this period, I’ve also been experimenting with trying to recreate compiled nineteenth-century books using nineteenth-century books and period-appropriate materials. This image is from the first of these experiments, which involved marking up a copy of Michael Ryan’s 1837 The Philosophy of Marriage to prepare copy for a radical c. 1840 abridgement, whose final chapter is a mash-up of excerpts from Robert Dale Owen’s contraception pamphlet Moral Physiology (1831) and Richard Carlile’s contraception pamphlet Every Woman’s Book; or, What is Love? (1826).

So far, these experiments have mainly been helpful in that they’ve revealed to me what I don’t know, and should. Since this first experiment, I’ve learned a lot more about different conventions for marking up printed material for composition and for incorporating manuscript additions and amendments!